Chapter+12


 * Ablative of Means  **

  Ablative used without a preposition  Expresses by what means or instrument an act is done or accomplished (concrete nouns)

Example: //**Femina servos tuba vocat**//. The woman calls the slaves // **by means of a trumpet** //.  Answers questions: With what? Or By means of what?

Translated with: by, by means of, or with


 * Noun in the ablative is usually a concrete noun, and it is never a person.**

**Ablative of Time When or Within Which ** Ablative used without a preposition  Expresses time at which or within which an act takes place

Example: // **aestate** //, in summer  // **quinque horis** // , within five hours  Answers questions: When? or Within what time?

Translated with: in, on, at, within which

 **Ablative of Manner **  Ablative used preposition //**cum **// Expresses the manner of an action or how the action is done (abstract nouns)
 * Noun in the ablative must itself denote time (Ex. summer as opposed to war unless modified by an adjective)**

Example: Servi // **cum diligentia** // laborant. The slaves work //with diligence//. Answers questions: In what manner? or How?

Translated with: with or like an adverb (diligently)  Cum may be omitted if the noun in the ablative is modified by an adjective – Example: //**magna (cum) diligentia -**// with great diligence (very diligently)

**Ablative of Accompaniment** Ablative used **with** preposition // **cum** //  Expresses in company with or in conflict with, used with persons

Example: Servi // **cum agricolis** // laborant. The slaves work //with the farmers//.  Answers questions: In company with whom? or In conflict with whom?

Translated with: with or together with

Can be used with things when meaning together with (Ex. The roses were together with the lilies in the basket.)

** Ablative of Respect or Specification   ** <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 18pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ablative used without a preposition <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Expresses in what respect the meaning of the noun, adjective, or verb applies

Example: Cives erant pauci // **numero** // sed fortes // **animo** //. <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; msotabcount: 3;"> The citizens were few // **in number** // but brave // **in spirit** //. <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Answers questions: In what respect?